Method, vector and system for expressing polypeptides

ABSTRACT

Disclosed herein are methods and systems for expressing a polypeptide in a  Rhodospirillum  species. The methods include introducing an expression vector having a nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide operably linked to a puc promoter into the  Rhodospirillum  bacterium and growing the  Rhodospirillum  bacterium under conditions that allow expression of the polypeptide. Vectors for expressing a membrane polypeptide in a  Rhodospirillum  species are disclosed. The vectors include a puc promoter and a nucleic acid encoding a membrane polypeptide.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/020,095, filed Jan. 9, 2008, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH

This invention was made with government support under grant number R21 GM57322 awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The government has certain rights in the invention.

BACKGROUND

Membrane proteins are extremely important for normal cellular functions. For example, membrane proteins are the means by which cells communicate, transduce signals and transport metabolites. Membrane proteins have proven much more difficult to study than soluble proteins at least in part due to their relatively hydrophobic membrane spanning region. Membrane proteins are often expressed at low levels natively and many can not be isolated in an active form in the absence of membranes. Using traditional protein expression systems, it has been difficult to achieve expression of heterologous membrane proteins because these proteins are often unstable when not localized to the membrane. Heterologously expressed membrane protein are insoluble and thus cause formation of inclusion bodies or even cell death. The ability to generate the quantities of membrane proteins necessary for experimentation has been hampered. In addition, even in systems affording adequate expression of membrane proteins, purification or isolation of these proteins has proven difficult.

Therefore, there is a need in the art for methods of expressing polypeptides, particularly membrane polypeptides, in the context of a membrane such that these proteins can be studied in a form that approximates their native environment. There is also a need for methods of isolating or purifying the expressed polypeptides in functional form.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A method of expressing a polypeptide in a Rhodospirillum species is disclosed. The Rhodospirillum species includes a nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide operably linked to a puc promoter selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 1, and SEQ ID NO:2. The Rhodospirillum species is grown under conditions that allow expression of the polypeptide.

In another aspect, a method of producing a Rhodospirillum species capable of expressing a polypeptide is provided. The method includes introducing an expression vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide operably linked to a puc promoter selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 1, and SEQ ID NO:2 into the Rhodospirillum species.

In yet another aspect, a vector for expressing a membrane polypeptide in a Rhodospirillum species is provided. The vector includes a puc promoter selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 1, and SEQ ID NO:2, and a nucleic acid encoding a membrane polypeptide. The nucleic acid is operably connected to the puc promoter to allow expression of the membrane polypeptide. A Rhodospirillum including the vector is also provided.

In a further aspect, a system for expressing a polypeptide in a Rhodospirillum species is disclosed. The system includes the Rhodospirillum and a cloning vector comprising a puc promoter selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 1, and SEQ ID NO:2.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a set of electron micrographs of ultrathin sections of R. rubrum strains incubated under semi-aerobic conditions showing that (a) H2 with pUCTerm (vector control) does not form intracytoplasmic membrane (ICM) but (b-e) H2 with pPUCMscL (expressing MscL) does form ICM. Arrowheads indicate ICM. The bar is 1 μm.

FIG. 2 is a digital image of a western blot showing expression of MscL in R. rubrum incubated under either aerobic (odd numbered lanes) or semi-aerobic (even numbered lanes) conditions from plasmids with no promoter (pPTMscL, lanes 1 and 2), the short puc promoter (pPUCMscL, lanes 3 and 4) or the short puc promoter without the mscL gene (pPUCTerm, lanes 5 and 6).

FIG. 3 is a digital image of a western blot showing the intracellular localization of MscL in R. rubrum strains carrying pPUCMscL. Lane 1 is the supernatant fraction, lane 2 is the 18,000×g pellet, and lane 3 is the 230,000×g pellet.

FIG. 4 is an SDS-PAGE gel of molecular weight standards (MW) and MscL protein purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC).

FIG. 5 is a digital image of a western blot showing detection of MscL in fractions from E. coli (lanes 1-4) and R. rubrum (lane 5).

FIG. 6 is a reduced-minus-oxidized difference spectrum of P. aeruginosa cytochrome b₅₆₁ produced in R. rubrum, with the characteristic peak at 561 nm.

FIG. 7 is an SDS-PAGE gel of molecular weight standards (MW) and KscA protein purified by IMAC.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Methods, systems and vectors for expressing polypeptides are provided herein. The methods, systems and vectors take advantage of the ability of Rhodospirillum species to form an intracytoplasmic membrane (ICM). Rhodospirillum are facultative phototrophic purple non-sulfur bacteria which are capable of growing phototrophically under anaerobic light conditions or by respiration under aerobic or anaerobic conditions in the dark. The Rhodospirillum photosynthetic apparatus is localized to the ICM. Non-native membrane proteins can be expressed by the Rhodospirillum and will localize to the ICM. Because Rhodospirillum are capable of growth under conditions for which the photosynthetic apparatus is not required, mutants of Rhodospirillum in which the photosynthetic apparatus has been disrupted are viable.

Under reduced oxygen concentration, the photosynthetic apparatus is induced and Rhodospirillum forms an ICM where the photosynthetic apparatus is located. This apparatus consists of the light-harvesting antenna (LH) and the photochemical reaction center (RC). The pigment-binding proteins, LH-α, LH-β, RC-L and RC-M, are encoded by the puf operon, while RC-H is encoded by puhA. Disrupting or reducing expression of the native Rhodospirillum ICM proteins allows for increased expression and incorporation of non-native membrane proteins in the ICM. In addition, the ICM and its associated proteins can be isolated by differential centrifugation.

Methods of expressing a polypeptide in a Rhodospirillum species by introducing an expression vector that includes a nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide operably linked to a Rhodobacter capsulatus puc promoter and then growing the Rhodospirillum under conditions that allow expression of the polypeptide are provided. In another aspect, methods of producing a Rhodospirillum species capable of expressing a polypeptide by introducing an expression vector that contains a nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide operably linked to a puc promoter into the Rhodospirillum species are provided. In another aspect, Rhodospirillum species containing a vector with the puc promoter operably connected to a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide are provided.

The Rhodobacter capsulatus puc promoter was previously characterized. See Nickens and Bauer, J. Bacteriol. (1998) 180 (16): 4270-4277. The puc promoter includes SEQ ID NO:1 and fragments of SEQ ID NO:1 having promoter activity, including, for example, SEQ ID NO:2. Fragments of SEQ ID NO: 1 having promoter activity are capable of inducing expression of nucleic acids that are operably linked to the fragment. For example, SEQ ID NO: 2 is a fragment of SEQ ID NO:1 and, as shown in the Examples, SEQ ID NO: 2 is capable of inducing expression of an operably linked nucleic acid. Those of skill in the art will appreciate that fragments of SEQ ID NO: 1 containing the 3′ portion of the sequence, particularly those which encompass SEQ ID NO: 2, are likely to be active promoters capable of inducing expression of operably linked nucleic acids. One of skill in the art could evaluate the ability of a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 1 to induce expression using any suitable method, including those described in the Examples below.

The puc promoter drives expression of several genes thought to be involved in the photosynthetic apparatus of Rhodobacter capsulatus. The puc promoter is induced by low light and reduced oxygen tension in Rhodobacter. As demonstrated in the Examples, the puc promoter is operable in Rhodospirillum rubrum and is capable of driving the expression of a heterologous polypeptide that localizes to the ICM. The puc promoter is also induced in Rhodospirillum when the bacteria are grown under semi-aerobic conditions, similar to what would be expected in Rhodobacter. The puc genes do not have homologs in Rhodospirillum, so it was surprising that the promoter functioned well in this background. Indeed, of the promoters tested to date (i.e., puc, puhA, puf and cbb), the puc promoter seems to be the strongest promoter for expression of polypeptides in Rhodospirillum on the basis of signal strength of the expressed proteins in western blots. Previous reports demonstrated that R. rubrum can be genetically engineered to express non-native membrane proteins in the ICM by disrupting production of one or more of the proteins natively associated with the ICM and using the native puf and puh promoters to drive expression of the non-native proteins. See U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,680,179 and 6,951,741.

The Rhodospirillum species may be any member of the Rhodospirillum genus, including, but not limited to, Rhodospirillum rubrum, Rhodospirillum photometricum, Rhodospirillum molischianum, Rhodospirillum fulvum, Rhodospirillum salexigens, Rhodospirillum salinarum, Rhodospirillum mediosalinum, Rhodospirillum centenum, and Rhodospirillum sodomense. Suitably, the Rhodospirillum species is Rhodospirillum rubrum.

Suitably, the Rhodospirillum species has reduced expression of at least one of the proteins natively associated with the ICM relative to wild-type Rhodospirillum rubrum or relative to the species from which it was derived. An exemplary wild-type Rhodospirillum rubrum strain (strain H1) is available as ATCC deposit number PTA-5207. For example, the Rhodospirillum species may have reduced expression of RC-H, RC-L, RC-M, LH-α, or LH-β. Reduced expression of the ICM protein may be achieved by manipulating the organism to disrupt a nucleic acid sequence encoding the protein. For example, the organism could be engineered to create a deletion, insertion, or frame-shift mutation in a nucleic acid encoding an ICM protein such that its expression is diminished as compared to a wild-type organism.

Alternatively, it is envisioned that naturally occurring Rhodospirillum isolates having reduced expression of a protein natively associated with ICM may be obtained and used in the practice of the present invention. Such naturally occurring isolates could be identified by a reduced ability to grow under phototrophic conditions or a reduced ability to produce the phototrophic apparatus. The phototrophic apparatus is pigmented so bacteria having a reduced ability to produce the phototrophic apparatus could be selected by screening for an inability to grow or for reduced pigmentation of the bacteria under phototrophic conditions. Those of skill in the art could envision multiple ways of generating bacteria with reduced expression of ICM proteins, for example site-directed or random mutagenesis, transposon mutagenesis, and also screening for natural variants.

Reduced expression of a protein natively associated with the ICM will allow incorporation of heterologous proteins into the ICM. Suitable Rhodospirillum species having reduced expression of an ICM protein include, but are not limited to, Rhodospirillum rubrum P5, Rhodospirillum rubrum P4, Rhodospirillum rubrum H15, Rhodospirillum rubrum H1, Rhodospirillum rubrum H2, Rhodospirillum rubrum M1, Rhodospirillum rubrum P41 and derivatives of any of these strains (TABLE 1).

TABLE 1 Suitable Rhodospirillum species according to the invention. Strain Comments P5 pufBALM deletion, kanamycin cassette inserted; described in Hssner et al. P4 puf BALM deletion, chloramphenicol cassette inserted H15 puhA deletion, kanamycin cassette inserted; described in Cheng et al. 2000 H1 puhA, pufBALM deletions, kanamycin and chloramphenical cassettes inserted; deposited with ATCC M1 pufBALM unmarked deletion, as described in Example 1 H2 pufBALM, puhA unmarked deletions, as described in Example 1 P41 pufBALM unmarked deletion

The puc promoter is suitably operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide such that the promoter drives expression of the polynucleotide and the polypeptide is produced. A nucleic acid encoding any polypeptide may be used in the vector. Suitably, the nucleic acid operably linked to the puc promoter encodes a membrane polypeptide that may be associated with the ICM. A membrane polypeptide includes integral membrane proteins, peripheral membrane proteins and proteins genetically engineered to contain a membrane spanning region.

A vector for expressing a polypeptide in a Rhodospirillum species includes the puc promoter. The vector may be a phage, plasmid, transposon or any other vector capable of delivering genetic material into Rhodospirillum. Suitably, the vector is capable of being maintained in Rhodospirillum and most suitably the vector is capable of replication in Rhodospirillum.

The puc promoter is suitably operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide such that the promoter drives expression of the polypeptide. A nucleic acid encoding any polypeptide may be used in the vector. Suitably, the nucleic acid operably linked to the puc promoter encodes a membrane polypeptide that may be associated with the ICM. A membrane polypeptide includes integral membrane proteins, peripheral membrane proteins and proteins genetically engineered to contain a membrane spanning region.

The vector may also contain selectable or screenable markers, a terminator fragment, a cloning site and an affinity tag. Selectable or screenable markers include, but are not limited to, antibiotic resistance genes, fluorescent protein markers, auxotrophic markers, and nutritional markers. In the Examples, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, gentamycin, and tetracycline were used as selectable markers in Rhodospirillum. Any suitable antibiotic resistance marker to which Rhodospirillum exhibits sensitivity may be used. In the Examples, the Rhodospirillum rubrum puh terminator fragment was used, but any other terminator fragment functional in Rhodospirillum may be used. A multiple cloning site may be inserted into the vector to enable easy insertion of nucleic acids encoding polypeptides such that the inserted nucleic acid will be operably linked to the puc promoter in the vector.

The vector may also contain an affinity tag, such as the histidine tag used in the Examples. Other affinity tags include, but are not limited to, maltose-binding protein, intein and peptide tags available from commercial suppliers such as Novagen (Madison, Wis.) and Amersham (Piscataway, N.J.). An affinity tag may be used to identify the protein using antibodies by techniques well-known to those of skill in the art such as western blotting or immunofluorescence. Additionally, an affinity tag may be used to isolate the polypeptide from the Rhodospirillum by any suitable method including those well known to those of skill in the art.

Another advantage of expressing polypeptides in the ICM of Rhodospirillum is relatively simple isolation of the polypeptide from the bacterium. As demonstrated in the Examples, the ICM can be enriched by disrupting the bacteria followed by differential centrifugation. The bacteria may be disrupted by any suitable method many of which are known to those of skill in the art including, but not limited to a French Press. The polypeptide may be further isolated from the Rhodospirillum by protein purification techniques, including those well-known to those of skill in the art. Due to the ease of isolation, the methods and systems described herein may be useful for expression and isolation of non-membrane associated polypeptides by linking these polypeptides to membrane spanning domains which may be subsequently removed by any suitable method, including those available to those of skill in the art. As used herein, isolation refers to separation of the ICM fraction containing the heterologous protein from the bacteria. Isolation does not require that the heterologous protein be purified, but only enriched.

The vector containing the puc promoter operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide may be introduced into the Rhodospirillum by any suitable method including but not limited to, transfection, transduction, transformation, conjugation, electroporation and particle bombardment. In the Examples, the vector was a plasmid that was introduced into the Rhodospirillum by conjugation. The method of introducing the vector will depend on the type of vector chosen as will be understood to those of skill in the art.

The Rhodospirillum species may be grown under conditions that allow expression of the polypeptide. The puc promoter is known to be induced by low light and reduced oxygen tension in Rhodobacter capsulatus. See Nickens and Bauer, J Bacteriol. (1998) 180: 4270. As one of skill in the art will appreciate, the oxygen tension may be reduced in a variety of ways, including growing cultures under reduced aeration, reducing the surface area to volume ratio of the cultures, growing the cultures to late log or stationary phase, or including at least one alternative electron acceptor in the cultures, or a combination thereof.

The puc promoter may be induced by growing the bacteria under semi-aerobic conditions. Semi-aerobic conditions can be achieved by growing the bacteria in flasks that are filled with media to at least about 70% capacity, suitably at least about 75% capacity, suitably about 80% capacity. The puc promoter may be induced by growing the bacterial cultures either without aeration (supplied by “shaking” the cultures) or with reduced shaking relative to that needed to provide aerobic culture conditions. Aerobic cultures are typically grown with shaking at about 300 rpm. Semi-aerobic cultures are suitably grown with shaking at less than about 300 rpm, suitably less than about 250 rpm and more suitably at less than about 220 rpm. Semi-aerobic cultures are suitably grown with shaking in a range of from about 100 rpm and to about 250 rpm, suitably the cultures are grown with shaking at least about 100 rpm, at least about 150 rpm or at least about 200 rpm and less than about 300 rpm. In the Examples, bacteria were grown semi-aerobically by filling an Erlenmeyer flask to 80% capacity with growth medium and shaking the culture at 200 rpm. As demonstrated in the Examples, the polypeptide is expressed when the Rhodospirillum is grown under aerobic conditions, but considerably higher expression is obtained in bacteria grown under semi-aerobic conditions. See FIG. 2 (Example 1).

Alternatively, the bacteria containing the vector including the puc promoter may be grown anaerobically in the presence of an alternative electron acceptor to induce the puc promoter. Alternative electron acceptors include, but are not limited to, dimethyl sulfoxide, methionine sulfoxide, trimethylamine oxide and combinations thereof. Alternatively, the puc promoter may be induced by growing the bacteria to late log phase. For Rhodospirillum rubrum late log phase is generally indicated when the culture has an optical density at 680 nm (OD_(680 nm)) of greater than about 0.6.

In yet another aspect, a system for expressing a polypeptide is provided. The system includes a Rhodospirillum and a vector that contains the puc promoter. The vector in the system is similar to the vector described above, but the vector in the system does not require a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide operably linked to the puc promoter. Suitably, the vector contains a cloning site into which a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide can be readily cloned by are suitable methods including those known to those of skill in the art. The system allows for obtaining expression of any polypeptide of interest to a user of the system. The user can clone the nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide into the expression vector using any suitable method, may of which are well known to those of skill in the art such that the coding sequence is operably linked to the promoter. The user can then introduce the vector into Rhodospirillum and grow the Rhodospirillum under conditions that induce expression of the puc promoter as described above.

The following examples are meant for purposes of illustration only and are not meant to be limiting upon the scope of the invention.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Expression and Purification of P. aeruginosa MscL from puhA, pufBALM Deletion Mutant R. rubrum H2 Cell Growth

Cultures were grown at 30° C. in Ormerod's medium (Ormerod, J. G. et al. (1961) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 94: 449-463) modified with the addition of 0.1% yeast extract as described previously (Myers, C. R. et al. (1987) J. Bacteriol. 169: 5445-5451). Escherichia coli cultures were grown in Luria-Bertani medium (Sambrook, J. et al. (2001) Molecular Cloning a laboratory manual, Third Edition. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. 3: 1.112-1.115). For growth of E. coli WM3064 or E. coli β2155, the medium was supplemented with DL-α,ε-diaminopimelic acid. Where appropriate, antibiotics were added to the following final concentrations: ampicillin 50 μg/ml; rifampin 15 μg/ml; gentamycin 25 μg/ml, tetracycline 12.5 μg/ml. Synthesis of MscL was induced by semi-aerobic incubation. For this purpose, 300 mL aerobic cultures were first grown in 2.8 L Fernbach flasks with shaking at 300 rpm. For semi-aerobic conditions, cultures were transferred to Erlenmeyer flasks filled to 80% capacity and incubated at 30° C. with shaking at 200 rpm for 21-24 h. Bacterial strains and plasmid constructs used in this study are listed in Table 2.

Construction of R. rubrum H2

A puhA, pufBALM mutant was constructed by allelic exchange using the strategy previously described (Benson, J. A. 2007. Production and assembly of light-harvesting antenna in Rhodospirillum rubrum. M.S. thesis. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee). A puhA deletion fragment was constructed by joining fragments flanking puhA that were amplified by PCR using primers P5 and P6 for the upstream fragment and P7 and P8 for the downstream fragment (Table 3). These fragments were joined by ligation into pGEM-3Z to form a deletion fragment that was subcloned into the suicide vector pZJD29a. This construct was introduced into R. rubrum R5 by conjugation and transconjugants with the plasmid crossed into the chromosome were selected on gentamycin. This was followed by sucrose selection for a second cross-over event. The sequence of the mutated region in the resulting strain R. rubrum M1 was verified and is shown in Table 4. A pufBALM deletion fragment was used previously for the construction of R. rubrum P41 (Benson, J. A. 2007. Production and assembly of light-harvesting antenna in Rhodospirillum rubrum. M.S. thesis. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee). This fragment was exchanged into the chromosome of R. rubrum M1 using pZJD29a. The sequence of the puf-deleted region of the resulting puhA, pufBALM strain H2 was verified and is shown in Table 4.

TABLE 2 Strains and constructs used in this study. Strain or Construct Characteristics Source R. rubrum R5 resistant to rifampin; wild Hessner et al. type with respect to puhA and puf, parental strain for M1 and H2 R. rubrum M1 puhA mutant Example 1 R. rubrum H2 pufA, pufBALM mutant Example 1 E. coli WM3064 conjugation donor W.W. Metcalf E. coli β2155 conjugation donor Dehio and Meyer pBBR1MCS-3 broad-host-range vector, Kovach et al. tetracycline resistance pPUCTerm expression vector Example 1 pPUCMscL vector for expression of Example 1 mscL pPTMscL control plasmid lacking Example 1 promoter pET-DEST42- P. aeruginosa mscL clone Connie Jeffery, MscL_V5_6his University of Illinois, Msc Chicago pBACDE R. capsulatus pucBACDE Le Blanc et al. clone pH3.6- clone of R. rubrum puhA Cheng et al. and flanking regions pZJD29a suicide vector, sacB, Masuda et al. gentamycin resistance Yano et al. pGEM-3Z cloning vector, ampicillin Promega Corp. resistance pSTBlue-1 cloning vector, ampicillin EMD Novagen, Inc resistance

TABLE 3 Primers used in construction of vectors. puc promoter sequence: pucu1 SEQ ID NO: 3 5′CCCTCTAGAGCGACAGGATCGTCCTTG pucu2 SEQ ID NO: 4 5′CCCTCTAGATTTGCAGCATGGCTCTTGC pucd SEQ ID NO: 5 5′AAACTCGAGCAAAACTGGGATCATTGG terminator sequence TF1 SEQ ID NO: 6 5′GTAATTGGGGCATGCCACATGGATGA TR1 SEQ ID NO: 7 5′CGGCGGTCAGAAGCTTGGGCAGCGGAT primers used to amplify polynucleotide encoding MscL protein mscf SEQ ID NO: 8 5′GGCAAGAATTAGGAGGTAGCACCTATGGGTCTTCTGAGTGAA TTC mscr SEQ ID NO: 9 5′TCATCAATGATGATGATGATGATGCGACTTGTTCTGCTGGGC sequence encoding hexahistidine tag underlined msclf2 SEQ ID NO: 10 5′ GGGCAAGAATTAGGAGGTAGCACCT ATG GGT CTT CTG AGT GAA primers to amplify puhA flanking regions: P5 SEQ ID NO: 11 5′ GAGCTCGCCCTTCGCCCTGTTCGTCC SacI site underlined P6 SEQ ID NO: 12 5′ ATACGACGTCATGGAAGTATGCCGCCAACGAGGAAACGCC AatII site underlined P7 SEQ ID NO: 13 5′ ATACTTCCATGACGTCGTATCCTTGCCCTCCGGGTGTTTC AatII site underlined P8 SEQ ID NO: 14 5′ CTCGAGTCGCCGCCACGCCGATCCGC XhoI site underlined

TABLE 4 Sequences of mutant strains constructed in this study^(a). M1 puhA-deleted region^(b) (SEQ ID NO: 21) GAATGGCGCTCGGCGCTTGGGGCGCCGTGCAGGCCACCGCGACCGGC GCGGCCGTTGCCCTTGGCGGCGGCTTGCGCGATGGCGTTTCCTCGTTGG CGGCATACTTCCATGACGTCCCTTGCCCTCCGGGTGTTTCACATTCGGC TGATCGCGCTTTATTTCGCGATTCTGGTGGCGTGGAACGTGGCCTCGGC TTTGTATGACGGCCATCCGCTG H2 pufBALM-deleted region (SEQ ID NO: 22) CGCGACGCCGCCGAGCGCAGCGCCCGGGCGGCGGGTGAAGGACAGGT TACGGCGGCGCGGGTTATCCGCCTGCTCGATCTTCAGGCTGGAGCGTA AGGGCGACTTGGAGCACGACGCTCCGGCCTGAGCTTGATCGCATAGCC TACCGTCCTTGATCGCCTCGCGGCGGAACAGGACCTACGGGGCGGGAA TGGTCGAACAGACCGTTCTCGCCCTGTTGC ^(a)sequences shown extend from 100 bp upstream of deletion to 100 bp downstream of the deletion. ^(b)M1 is the parent strain of H2.

Plasmid Construction

The plasmid pPUCMscL was constructed by cloning the Rhodobacter capsulatus puc promoter fragment, the Pseudomonas aeruginosa mscL structural gene, and the R. rubrum puhA terminator fragment into pBBR1MCS-3. The puhA terminator fragment was amplified with primers TF1 and TR1 (Table 3) using pH3.6—as a template and cloned into pSTBlue-1 (Novagen). The terminator fragment was excised by digestion with SphI and HindIII and the resulting fragment treated with T4 Polymerase (Promega) to create blunt ends. This fragment was cloned into pBBR1MCS-3 to construct pBBRTerm. For this purpose, pBBR1MSC-3 was digested with KpnI (Promega) and treated with T4 Polymerase (Promega) and shrimp alkaline phosphatase (Promega) to make blunt, dephosphorylated ends.

The mscL structural gene was amplified with primers mscf and mscr (Table 3) using the gene cloned into pET-DEST42-MscL_V5_(—)6his Msc (See Table 2) as a template. The primer mscr introduced a hexahistidine tag. The amplified fragment was treated with T4 polynucleotide kinase (Promega) and cloned into pBBRTerm that had been digested with XhoI (Promega), treated with T4 polymerase, and dephosphorylated with Antartic phosphatase (New England Biolabs) forming the construct pPTM.

The puc promoter was amplified with the primers pucd and pucu2 (Table 3) using pBACDE (See Table 2) as a template. The puc fragment (SEQ ID NO: 2) was digested with XhoI and XbaI (Promega) and cloned into pPTM and pBBRTerm that had been digested with these enzymes. The resulting clones are pPUCMscL and pPUCTerm (SEQ ID NO:25) respectively; the former is the expression plasmid for mscL, while the latter is the expression vector lacking the mscL structural gene.

A control plasmid with the mscL gene but lacking the promoter was constructed by amplifying mscL with the primers msclf2 and mscr (Table 3) and cloning the resulting PCR product into pBBRTerm cut with SmaI. The resulting plasmid was named pPTMscL.

A similar strategy was employed to generate pPUCLGMscL which includes the puc promoter of SEQ ID NO:1. The only difference was that the puc promoter was amplified using pucul and pucd. The puc fragment was digested and cloned as above.

Cell Fractionation

Cells were harvested, and broken in the French pressure cell to prepare cell-free extracts as previously described (Mueller et al. (1983) J. Bacteriol. 153: 1562-1566). The cell-free extract was fractionated by differential centrifugation. For this purpose, the cell extract was centrifuged at 12,000 rpm (18,000×g) in a JA-20 rotor (Beckman Coulter) to pellet the cell envelope fraction. The supernatant fraction was centrifuged at 50,000 rpm (230,000×g) for 2 h in a Type 70.1 Ti rotor in an Optima L-90K ultracentrifuge (Beckman Coulter) to recover the ICM-enriched fraction.

Western Blots

Western immunoblots were performed essentially as described previously (Brantner et al (2002) Arch Microbiol. 178: 59-64). Primary antibody was anti-His tag monoclonal antibody (EMD Biosciences). Secondary antibody was goat-anti-mouse Ig conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (Southern Biotech). Blots were developed with Pierce Super Signal West Pico Chemiluminescent substrate (Thermo Fisher Scientific).

Electron Microscopy

Cells were prepared for electron microscopy as described previously (Brantner et al (2002) Arch Microbiol. 178: 59-64; Collins et al. (1991) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57: 1261-1264). Briefly, cells were fixed in 0.5% gluaraldehyde, post-fixed in 1% OsO₄, dehydrated in a graded ethanol series, embedded in LR White (Electron Microscopy Sciences), sectioned and post-stained with aqueous 1% uranyl acetate.

Preparation of MscL Protein

H2 (pPUCMscL) was grown to an OD_(680 nm) of 1.7 then incubated under semiaerobic conditions for 24 h. Cells were harvested, washed in 20 mM sodium phosphate, 500 mM NaCl, pH 7.4. After addition of 5 μl/ml protease inhibitor (Protease Inhibitor Cocktail, set III, EMB Chemicals, Inc., San Diego Calif.), cells were broken by 2 passages through the French press at 16,000 psi. After unbroken cells were removed by centrifugation at 750×g for 10 min, the crude membrane fraction (CMF) was pelleted at 230,000×g for 2 h. The pellet was resuspended in buffer with protease inhibitor and solubilized by treatment for 1 h at 4° C. with dodecylmaltoside (DDM, Anatrace) at a detergent protein ratio of 6:1. The insoluble fraction was sedimented at 230,000×g in 2 h. MscL was purified from the DDM extract using His SpinTrap (GE Healthcare) or Profinity IMAC Ni-charged resin (Bio-Rad Laboratories). Prior to application to the column, the extract was diluted in buffer to a DDM concentration <1%. The sample was applied in buffer with 20 mM imidazole and eluted with 500 mM imidazole. Protein concentration was measured with either the Pierce BCA Protein Assay or Pierce Coomassie+kits (Thermo Fisher Scientific).

Electron Microscopy of R. rubrum H2 with pPUCTerm and pPUCMscL

The puhA, pufBALM deletion mutant R. rubrum H2 lacks the photochemical apparatus. Electron micrographs of ultrathin sections of R. rubrum H2 strains incubated under semi-aerobic conditions suggest that the puhA, pufBALM deletion mutant R. rubrum H2 does not form ICM (H2, pPUCTerm; FIG. 1A) under semi-aerobic conditions which induce the formation of ICM in the wild type. ICM was observed on the cells with pPUCMscL producing MscL (FIG. 1B-E). The ICM is lamellar in structure and abundant at the cell periphery. In oblique sections the ICM can be seen (FIG. 1D). No ICM was observed in the vector control. These results suggest that ICM is only formed when MscL is produced.

MscL can be Detected by Western Blot

MscL was detected in H2 (pPUCMscL) by western blot (lanes 3 and 4 of FIG. 2). No MscL was detected in the vector control H2 (pPUCTerm, lanes 5 and 6 of FIG. 2) or in the strain with a construct lacking the puc promoter H2 (pPTMscL, lanes 1 and 2 of FIG. 2) indicating that mscL expression was driven by the R. capsulatus puc promoter. While some MscL was produced under aerobic conditions (lane 3 of FIG. 2), production was induced by incubation under semi-aerobic conditions (lane 4 of FIG. 2). No differences in regulation or expression level were obtained using the longer puc promoter of pPUCLGMscL. Therefore all subsequent experiments used the shorter puc promoter.

MscL Localizes to the ICM

H2 (pPUCMscL) cells were fractionated to assess the intracellular localization of MscL. No MscL was detected in the supernatant fraction (FIG. 3, lane 1). MscL was detected in both the cell envelope (FIG. 3, lane 2) and ICM fractions (FIG. 3, lane 3), but was enriched in the ICM fraction.

Isolation of MscL

As described above, MscL was purified from the membranes of H2 (pPUCMscL) induced by incubation under semi-aerobic conditions. Crude membranes were recovered from the cell-free extract and membrane proteins were solubilized by treatment with DDM. MscL was purified from the DDM-extracted proteins by immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC). SDS-PAGE analysis (FIG. 4) of the eluted protein revealed a band with an apparent molecular weight of 17 kDa; MscL with the hexahistidine tag is 15.5 kDa. Amino-terminal sequencing confirmed the identity of this protein as P. aeruginosa MscL. A minor band with an apparent molecular weight of 30 kDa was also observed. Amino-terminal sequencing of this band indicated that it is also formed by MscL and is apparently a dimer. This band was observed whether or not the samples were heated prior to electrophoresis. The dimer (and larger oligomers) was observed on SDS-PAGE without heat treatment indicating that these are not artifacts but multimers that are present even in the presence of SDS and dithiothreitol. Native MscL is a homopentomer, indicating that the purified MscL proteins have retained their oligomerization capacity. The protein was assessed to be >99% pure, as no other bands were observed in the SDS-PAGE gel. In repeated experiments, the yield of purified MscL produced in R. rubrum was 16-21 mg/L culture and 3.8 mg/g cell paste.

Comparison of Protein Yield with R. rubrum and E. coli

An E. coli C43(DE3) clone expressing MscL was obtained from Dr. C. Jeffery at the University of Illinois at Chicago. This strain was grown in LB medium to mid log phase and induced by the addition of arabinose to a final concentration of 0.2% and IPTG to a final concentration of 1 M. A CMF was prepared, and a detergent extraction and purification were performed as described above. No MscL could be detected in the IMAC eluate. However, MscL was detected by western blot of cells, in the CMF, and in the 2500 rpm pellet (FIG. 5; lane 1, 2500 rpm pellet from E. coli; lane 2, 230,000×g E. coli supernatant fraction; lane 3, 230,000×g E. coli pellet (CMF); lane 4, DDM-solubilized fraction from E. coli; lane 5, 230,000×g R. rubrum H2 pellet (CMF)). The presence of MscL in the latter fraction suggested that it was present in inclusion bodies. The MscL content of the solubilized membrane protein was low, consistent with its presence in inclusion bodies that would not be solubilized by detergent. The MscL content of the CMF of R. rubrum H2 was 2 orders of magnitude greater than that of E. coli.

Example 2 Expression and Purification of Pseudomonas Cytochrome B₅₆₁ (CycB) in R. rubrum H2

The structural gene for CycB was amplified by PCR using the plasmid pDONR201-CycB/20 (obtained from C. Jeffery, University of Illinois, Chicago) as a template. This plasmid was obtained from Constance Jeffery at the University of Illinois, Chicago. The primers used were CytF (SEQ ID NO:15) and CytR (SEQ ID NO:16) as shown in Table 5. The amplified fragment encoding CycB (SEQ ID NO:26) with a His₆ tag was treated with T4 polynucleotide kinase (Promega) and cloned into pBBRTerm (described above in Example 1) that had been digested with XhoI (Promega), treated with T4 polymerase, and dephosphorylated with Antartic phosphatase (New England Biolabs). The puc promoter was amplified with the primers pucd and pucu2 as described above. The puc fragment was digested with XhoI and XbaI (Promega) and cloned into the vector that had been digested with these enzymes forming the construct pPUCCycB. pPUCCycB was introduced into R. rubrum by conjugation, according to Example 1 above. CycB from P. aeruginosa was purified from membranes prepared from H2, and membrane protein was solubilized under the same conditions used for MscL and purified by IMAC as described above in Example 1, with the exception that the extract was applied to the purification column in either 40 mM or 60 mM imidazole and eluted with 500 mM imidazole buffer.

TABLE 5 Primers used to amplify the polynucleotide encoding Pseudomonas cytochrome B₅₆₁. Primers CytF SEQ ID 5′ GCAAGAATTAGGAGGTAGCACCTATGAGCTGGAAA NO: 15 AACACCG CytR SEQ ID 5′ TCATCAATGATGATGATGATGATGGCGCCGTTGGGG NO: 16 GAGCATC

The recovery of CycB purifed with 40 mM imidazole was 1 g/L culture (0.17 mg/g cell paste). When analyzed on SDS-PAGE, the migration of the protein band corresponded to the predicted molecular weight of CycB and the identity of the protein was confirmed by mass spectrometry. Additionally, heme peroxidase activity was detected in the sample by spotting the purified CycB sample on nitrocellulose and treating with Pierce Super Signal West Pico according the method of Feissner et al (2003). The purified protein was also characterized spectrally and exhibited the characteristic reduced-minus-oxidized difference spectrum (FIG. 6). These results suggested that the heterologous cytochrome was properly assembled with its heme cofactor in the R. rubrum host and has heme peroxidase activity.

Example 3 Expression and Purification of KcsA

The structural gene for Streptomyces lividans KcsA was amplified by PCR using the plasmid pQE32-KcsA as a template (provided by R. Viola at the University of Toledo). The primers used were KcsF (SEQ ID NO:19) and KcsR (SEQ ID NO:20) as shown in Table 6. These primers introduced XhoI and ApaI sites. The amplified fragment was phosphorylated and cloned into SmaI-cut pGEM3Z. The KcsA-encoding fragment was excised from the latter construct with ApaI and XhoI and ligated into pPUCTerm (described above in Example 1) digested with these enzymes to create the expression vector encoding KcsA with a His₇ tag. The expression vector was introduced into R. rubrum H2 by conjugation, according to Example 1 above.

TABLE 6 Primers used to amplify the polynucleotide encoding Streptomyces lividans KcsA. Primers KcsF SEQ ID 5′ CTCGAGGGCAAGAATTAGGAGGTAGCACCTATGCCG NO: 19 CCCATGCTGTCCGGTCTTCTGGCCCGCTTGG KcsR SEQ ID 5′ GGGCCCTCATCAATGATGATGATGATGATGATGCCG NO: 20 GCGGTTGTCGTCGAGCATGCGCTCC

R. rubrum H2 cultures including the expression vector encoding KcsA were grown in 300 mL cultures in 2.8 L Fernbach flasks to an OD680 nm>1. Cultures were induced by reduction of oxygen tension by incubation in Erlenmeyer flasks filled to 80% capacity and incubated at a low shake rate. After 24 hr, cells were harvested and washed. A sample was retained for whole cell western analysis and the remainder broken in the French Press. Unbroken cells and debris were removed by centrifugation at 2500 rpm in 10 min. The supernatant fraction was centrifuged at 230,000×g for 2 hr. The pellet from this centrifugation was termed the crude membrane fraction (CMF) and stored at −75° C. For solubilization of membrane proteins, the CMF was thawed and treated with dodecyl maltoside (DDM) at a detergent:protein ratio of 6:1. The detergent extraction was incubated for 1 hr at 4° C. and the insoluble fraction was recovered by ultracentrifugation. The detergent extract was diluted to a DDM concentration of 1% and was fractionated by IMAC. This was accomplished by using spin columns.

KscA was purified with a yield of 3.49 mg/L and 0.62 mg/g cell paste. This is an underestimate as some KcsA was present in the flow-though. KcsA was designed with a 7 His tag. Sample was applied to IMAC spin columns and the column was washed in 40 mM imidazole and eluted with 500 mM imidazole. Under these conditions, the product was >99% pure as judged by SDS-PAGE (FIG. 7). When 20 mM imidazole was used, the total protein yield was higher (4.9 mg/L) but the product was not pure. KcsA was present as an oligomer when samples were not boiled prior to SDS-PAGE; KcsA was monomerized by boiling prior to electrophoresis. The identity of the band in the SDS-PAGE gel was confirmed by amino-terminal sequencing and western blot analysis.

KscA has been previously purified from E. coli by another lab, and 4.5 mg/L of a KcsA preparation was obtained that was 75% pure (personal communication, R. Viola, University of Toledo). This is comparable to the yield achieved with R. rubrum on a per L basis. Since E. coli grows to a higher density, the yield was less than that obtained with R. rubrum on a per g cell paste basis.

Example 4 Western Blot Detection of Heterologous Membrane Proteins Produced in R. rubrum

Other membrane proteins were successfully expressed in R. rubrum H2 (Table 7). The tabulated proteins (Table 7) were expressed as described in Example 1. A C-terminal His tag was introduced, and the proteins were detected by western blots of whole cells with anti-His antibody as described in Example 1.

TABLE 7 Proteins expressed in R. rubrum H2 as detected by western blot protein source kDa* TM domains cofactor biological role comments MscL Pseudomonas 15.3 2/monomer ion channel homopentomer CycB Pseudomonas 21.4 2-4 predicted heme redox PhoR Pseudomonas 50.9 2 receptor kinase KcsA Streptomyces 18.7 2/monomer K+ channel homotetramer, shaker A1 human 38.5 7 GPCR drug target MAO B human 60.6 1 flavin deamination drug target, outer monoamine of monoamines mitochonrial oxidase B membrane HCYC human 29.4 6 heme catecholamine Cytb₅₆₁ biosynthesis *includes affinity tag

PhoR

The polynucleotide encoding PhoR (SEQ ID NO:30) was amplified by PCR using the plasmid pET-DEST42-PhoR-V5_(—)6his (obtained from C. Jeffery, University of Illinois, Chicago) as a template. The primers used were phof (SEQ ID NO:17) and phor (SEQ ID NO:18) as shown in Table 8. The amplified fragment encoding PhoR with a His₆ tag was treated with T4 polynucleotide kinase (Promega) and cloned into pBBRTerm (described above in Example 1) that had been digested with XhoI (Promega), treated with T4 polymerase, and dephosphorylated with Antartic phosphatase (New England Biolabs). The puc promoter was amplified and cloned into the vector as described above forming the construct pPUCPhoR.

TABLE 8 Primers used to amplify the polynucleotide encoding PhoR. Primers phof SEQ ID 5′ GGCAAGAATTAGGAGGTAGCACCTATGCAATCCGT NO: 17 CGTGAACC phor SEQ ID 5′ TCATCAATGATGATGATGATGATGCTTCGGGGCCT NO: 18 TGCGCTCG

R. rubrum H2 cultures of the strain bearing this expression vector encoding PhoR were grown in 300 mL cultures in 2.8 L Fernbach flasks. Cultures were induced by reduction of oxygen tension by incubation in Erlenmeyer flasks filled to 80% capacity and incubated at a low shake rate. After 24 hr, cells were harvested and washed. Using the methods described above in Example 1, the presence of PhoR was confirmed by western blot analysis.

Human Monamine Oxidase B (MAO B)

The polynucleotide encoding MAO B (SEQ ID NO:23) was chemically synthesized to optimize codon usage. This DNA fragment was synthesized with an XhoI and an ApaI site near the termini. The fragment was trimmed by cleavage with these enzymes and cloned into the expression vector pPUCTerm (Example 1) cut with XhoI and ApaI.

The expression vector was introduced into R. rubrum by conjugation, according to Example 1 above. R. rubrum cultures of the strain bearing the expression vector encoding MAO B were grown in 300 mL cultures in 2.8 L Fernbach flasks. Cultures were induced by reduction of oxygen tension by incubation in Erlenmeyer flasks filled to 80% capacity and incubated at a low shake rate. After 24 hr, cells were harvested and washed. Using the methods described above in Example 1, the presence of MAO B was confirmed by western blot analysis.

Human Cytochrome b₅₆₁ (HCYC)

The polynucleotide encoding HCYC (SEQ ID NO:24) was chemically synthesized to optimize codon usage. This DNA fragment was synthesized with an XhoI and an ApaI site near the termini. The fragment was trimmed by cleavage with these enzymes and cloned into the expression vector pPUCTerm (Example 1) cut with XhoI and ApaI.

The expression vector was introduced into R. rubrum H2 by conjugation, according to Example 1 above. R. rubrum cultures of the strain bearing the expression vector encoding HCYC were grown in 300 mL cultures in 2.8 L Fernbach flasks. Cultures were induced by reduction of oxygen tension by incubation in Erlenmeyer flasks filled to 80% capacity and incubated at a low shake rate. After 24 hr, cells were harvested and washed. Using the methods described above in Example 1, the presence of HCYC was confirmed by western blot analysis.

After a sample was retained for whole cell western analysis, the remainder was broken in the French Press. Unbroken cells and debris were removed by centrifugation at 2500 rpm in 10 min. The supernatant fraction was centrifuged at 230,000×g for 2 hr. The pellet from this centrifugation was termed the crude membrane fraction (CMF) and stored at −75° C. For solubilization of membrane proteins, the CMF was thawed and treated with dodecyl maltoside (DDM) at a detergent:protein ratio of 6:1. The detergent extraction was incubated for 1 hr at 4° C. and the insoluble fraction was recovered by ultracentrifugation. The detergent extract was diluted to a DDM concentration of 1% and was fractionated by IMAC. This was accomplished on a small scale by spin columns. A fraction containing HCYC obtained by IMAC exhibited heme peroxidase activity, and a Soret band was detected in the reduced-minus-oxidized difference spectrum.

Human Adenosine Receptor A1

The polynucleotide sequence encoding A1 (SEQ ID NO:27) was amplified by PCR using the plasmid ADRA100000 obtained from John Auchampach of the Medical College of Wisconsin) as a template. The primers used were ADORA1Kpnpuf5 (SEQ ID NO:28) and A1HFR (SEQ ID NO:29) as shown in Table 9. The amplified fragment encoding A1 with a His₆ tag was treated and cloned into the vector pBBRTerm and the puc promoter was cloned into the resulting construct, as described in Example 1.

TABLE 9 Primers used to amplify the polynucleotide encoding A1. Primers ADORA1K SEQ ID 5′ GGTACCGGCAAGAATTAGGAGGTAGCAC pnpuf5 NO: 28 CTATGCCGCCCTCCATCTCAGCTTTCCAG A1HFR SEQ ID 5′ GCACTGCAGTCATCACTTATCATCATCGTCC NO: 29 TTATAGTCGGTGCCATGGTGATGATGATGATGGTCA TCAGGCCTCTCTT

R. rubrum H2 cultures of the strain bearing this expression vector encoding A1 were grown in 300 mL cultures in 2.8 L Fernbach flasks. Cultures were induced by reduction of oxygen tension by incubation in Erlenmeyer flasks filled to 80% capacity and incubated at a low shake rate. After 24 hr, cells were harvested and washed. Using the methods described above in Example 1, the presence of A1 was confirmed by western blot analysis.

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1. A method of expressing a polypeptide in a Rhodospirillum bacterium comprising growing the Rhodospirillum bacterium comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide operably linked to a promoter selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 and a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 1 under conditions that allow expression of the polypeptide.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the promoter comprises SEQ ID NO:
 2. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising isolating the polypeptide.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the polypeptide is isolated by enriching for ICM.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the polypeptide is a membrane polypeptide.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the Rhodospirillum is Rhodospirillum rubrum.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the Rhodospirillum rubrum is selected from the group consisting of Rhodospirillum rubrum P5, Rhodospirillum rubrum P4, Rhodospirillum rubrum H15, Rhodospirillum rubrum H1, Rhodospirillum rubrum H2, Rhodospirillum rubrum M1, Rhodospirillum rubrum P41 and derivatives thereof.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the Rhodospirillum is grown under low oxygen tension.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the Rhodospirillum is grown in the presence of an alternative electron acceptor.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the alternative electron acceptor is selected from the group consisting of dimethyl sulfoxide, methionine sulfoxide, trimethylamine oxide and combinations thereof.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the Rhodospirillum is grown to late log phase.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the Rhodospirillum is grown semi-aerobically.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the Rhodospirillum has reduced expression of a protein natively associated with the intracytoplasmic membrane as compared to the corresponding wild-type Rhodospirillum.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the Rhodospirillum species has reduced expression of at least one of RC-H, RC-L, RC-M, LH-α, or LH-β.
 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the Rhodospirillum species comprises a mutation in at least one of RC-H, RC-L, RC-M, LH-α, or LH-β.
 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide is part of a vector.
 17. A method of producing a Rhodospirillum bacterium capable of expressing a polypeptide comprising: introducing a vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide operably linked to a promoter selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 and a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 1 into the Rhodospirillum bacterium.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the promoter comprises SEQ ID NO:
 2. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the polypeptide is a membrane polypeptide.
 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the Rhodospirillum is Rhodospirillum rubrum.
 21. The method of claim 17, wherein the Rhodospirillum has reduced ability to express a protein natively associated with the intracytoplasmic membrane as compared to the corresponding wild-type Rhodospirillum.
 22. A nucleic acid encoding a membrane polypeptide operably connected to a promoter selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 and a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the membrane polypeptide is not natively associated with the promoter.
 23. The nucleic acid of claim 22, wherein the promoter comprises SEQ ID NO:2.
 24. The nucleic acid of claim 22, further comprising a terminator fragment.
 25. The nucleic acid of claim 22, wherein the nucleic acid further comprises a sequence encoding an affinity tag.
 26. The nucleic acid of claim 22, further comprising a selectable or screenable marker for selection in a Rhodospirillum.
 27. The nucleic acid of claim 22, wherein a vector comprises the nucleic acid.
 28. A Rhodospirillum comprising the nucleic acid of claim
 22. 29. A system for expressing a polypeptide in a Rhodospirillum comprising the Rhodospirillum and a vector comprising a promoter selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 and a fragment of SEQ ID NO:
 1. 30. The system of claim 29, wherein the promoter comprises SEQ ID NO:2.
 31. The system of claim 29, wherein the polypeptide is a membrane polypeptide.
 32. The system of claim 29, wherein the Rhodospirillum is Rhodospirillum rubrum.
 33. The system of claim 29, wherein the Rhodospirillum has reduced ability to express a protein natively associated with the intracytoplasmic membrane as compared to the corresponding wild-type Rhodospirillum. 